Background and Objectives: The present experimental study was aimed to investigate the effect of T. dioica flower hydroalcoholic extract on thioacetamide induced histopathological changes. Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats, were randomly divided into three groups of control (normal saline); negative control (thioacetamide 50 mg/kg) and group that received thioacetamide and T. dioica flower extract (200 mg/kg). The third group received the T. dioica flowers extract two weeks before the injection of thioacetamide and two weeks after the injection of thioacetamide. The healthy control group and the negative control group received normal saline. At the end of the experiment, blood samples, were obtained from the heart to determine lever enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. After euthanasia, tissue samples, were examined using a light microscope after staining with haematoxylin-eosin. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA statistical test. Statistical significance was considered as p < 0. 05. Results: The levels of serum liver enzyme, were significantly increased after the administration of thioacetamide. The administration of T. dioica extract significantly decreased serum ALT and AST levels compared to the negative control group (p < 0. 05). Moreover, treatment with T. dioica extract significantly reduced serum BUN and creatinine levels compared to the negative control group (p < 0. 05). In the histomorphometric investigation of liver, the fatty change and necrosis was lower in the T. dioica – treated group compared to the negative control group (p < 0. 05). Renal histopathological examination also revealed lower kidney damage compared to the group treated with thioacetamide. Conclusion: hydro-alcoholic extract of T. dioica flowers can reduce thioacetamide induced liver and kidney injury.

Background and Objectives: Tamarix dioica is a medicinal herb in Sistan and Baluchestan, which has antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. This research aimed to investigate the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of this plant on liver damage caused by a high fat diet. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 males adult Wistar rats, were randomly divided into 3 equal groups. The first group or the control group received a normal diet. The second group (hyperlipidemic group) received a high fat diet (HFD) for 30 days, and the third group received a high-fat diet for 30 days. In the following, the rats orally received hydroalcoholic extract of Tamarix dioica (dose, 200mg/kg bw) for 30 days. serum liver enzymes. At the end of the period, blood samples were taken from the heart of the rats to assess liver enzymes and serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride. After euthanasia, liver tissue samples, were taken and examined under a light microscope after staining with hematoxylin-eosin. Results: Administration of the extract of Tamarix dioica (200mg/kg bw), significantly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to the hyperlipidemic rats with no treatment (p<0. 001). Furthermore, the treatment with the extract of Tamarix dioica decreased the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) compared to the untreated hyperlipidemic rats (p<0. 01). In histopathological evaluation, fat accumulation in cells, was significantly lower in Tamarix dioica treated rats compared to the hyperlipidemic rats. Conclusion: Administration of Tamarix dioica extract can reduce the liver damage induced by high fat diet.

Background: The herb Gaz, with the scientific name of Tamarix dioica, has many therapeutic applications in the traditional medicine of the Baluchistan region in Iran. The present research aimed to investigate the effects of the aqueous extract of Tamarix dioica in rats fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet. Methods: 30 male rats were divided into three groups. The control group received a normal diet throughout the period of study. The second group received a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHF) for two months. The third group received a HFHF diet for two months, and were treated orally by the aqueous extract of Tamarix dioica roots (200 mg/kg body weight) from the 30th day. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken from the heart of rats to determine the serum biochemical parameters. After euthanasia, liver specimens were deposited in formalin and after staining with hematoxilin-eosine, were examined to determine histopathological lesions. Findings: Serum glucose levels were significantly higher in rats received a HFHF diet compared to that in the control group (P < 0. 001). Rats fed a HFHF diet had a significantly higher serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (P < 0. 010) and lower serum HDL levels compared to the control rats. The administration of the Tamarix dioica extract significantly reduced serum glucose levels compared to the negative control group (P < 0. 050). Oral administration of Tamarix dioica roots extract significantly reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared to those in the negative control group (P < 0. 010). Furthermore, treatment with the extract of Tamarix dioica significantly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to the negative control rats (P < 0. 050). In the histopathological study of livers, cytoplasmic fat deposition was prominently lower in Tamarix dioica-treated rats compared to the negative-control ones. Conclusion: It seems that the administration of Tamarix dioica roots extract can reduce liver injury caused by HFHF diet in rats.

Background and Objectives: Tamarix shrub is one of the most important plants in the arid and semi-arid regions which can more effect on soil microbial activities and community and it increases soil fertility through efficient nutrient cycling. In addition, this plant as a natural and adapted vegetation cover in the study area has important role in soil conservation and wind erosion control. The aim of this study was investigation of the natural Tamarix shrub effect on soil microbial biomass and activities of desert soils in Pharokhabad plain of Dehloran, Ilam province. Materials and Methods: In order to study of soil biological properties, soil sampling carried out from soil surface (0-5 cm) under canopy of Tamarix shrub and open area by using systematic randomized method. Total soil samples were 62 samples including 31 samples under canopy and 31 samples out of canopy. After collecting soil samples, it transfer to the laboratory and soil biological analyses including microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, basal respiration, substrate induced respiration, metabolic quotient, microbial quotient and soil organic carbon were carried out on soil samples. Statistical analyses such as one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation coefficient were performed by SAS 9. 1 software. The t-test was used to compare mean of soil biological properties. Results: The results of this study showed that there was significant differences (P<0. 05) between under canopy and open area in terms of soil biological properties. The highest soil organic carbon amount (2. 16%) observed under canopy of tamatrix comparison with open area. Soil microbial biomass carbon (654 mg C kg-1) and nitrogen (79 mg N kg-1) were higher significantly under canopy of Tamarix than out of canopy. In addition, basal and induced respiration was higher statistically (P<0. 01) under canopy than open area. Basal respiration under canopy found positively correlated with metabolic quotient (qCO2), while there was a significant negative correlation between basal respiration and soil organic carbon. Conclusion: To sum up, according to results, soil biological activities and microbial biomass increased under canopy which indicates Tamarix shrub is important plant in the study area. For example, the highest microbial biomass carbon found under canopy compared to open area. Therefore, in order to increase soil quality and health as well as combating soil erosion, reclamation and protection of Tamarix shrub is essential in the study area. In this regards, department of natural resources and watershed of Ilam province and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) can contribute for plantation and reclamation of this plant and other native vegetation cover.

In order to determine which plant species are producers, and which insects are affective in production of manna of Tamarix this study was done in shahdad region that is placed in north east of Kerman province. Manna of Tamarix is the sap of Two species of Tamarix (Tamarix aphylla &T leptopetala) secretes on their adolescent branches from small stings on their skins made by two kinds of insects (Euscelis decoratus & Tuponia subaltera), mostly Euscelis decoratus. Habitats of producer species begin in the north of Shahdad city and extend in a southerly direction to south corner of Kerman province ending up in Narmashir-e-Bam. This region has a very arid climate and lies in the western side of Kavir-e-lout desert. Average annual precipitation is less than 50 mm and average annual temperature is over 25 degrees centigrade. Rural children and women collect manna yield from October to January in shahdad region. They consume it as a sweet or a traditional medicine to treat cough.

In arid and semi-arid regions, trees have a great influence on distribution of soil nutrient elements and biochemical processes. Considering the capabilities of Tamarix ramosissimia Ledeb shrub in affecting soil properties, identification and management of this shrub will be important in deserts of Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Tamarix shrub on soil physical and chemical properties and carbon sequestration in Farokhabad desert region of Dehloran. In order to study soil characteristics, soil sampling carried out from topsoil 0-5 cm and subsoil 5-20 cm under canopy cover and open area by using systematic randomized method. In this research, soil chemical parameters including organic matter percentage, carbon sequestration amount, pH, EC, N, P, K, CEC, CaCO3, and CaSO4 and soil physical parameters including texture, BD، BP,، FC, PWP, and SP were measured. Results showed that there was significant difference at 1% probability level among soil properties such as soil carbon sequestration, organic matter, pH, EC, CEC, N concentration and CaSO4 percentage between under canopy and open area and even in different soil depths. The results of stepwise regression showed that pH, silt and K are one of the most important components affecting the amount of carbon sequestration in the soil under the canopy of Tamarix shrub. In general, climate condition of the study area is suitable for Tamarix shrub which has a positive effect on soil properties by increasing organic matter and improvement of soil structure. As well as, Tamarix shrub increased soil fertility by increasing nutrient elements of soil, hence protection and reclamation of this species is essential for Ilam province.

Endophytic fungi are commonly found in the root endosphere and can enhance plant growth through various mechanisms. This study aimed to isolate cultivable endophytic fungi associated with the roots of Tamarix ramosissima and evaluate their plant growth-promoting properties. Thirty-five fungal endophytes belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, representing four different genera, were obtained from the endosphere of T. ramosissima: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Talaromyces. These fungal endophytes showed different abilities to solubilize phosphate and produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The isolates of T. allahabadensis (T3) and A. niger (T4) showed different efficiencies in phosphate solubilization. Almost all fungal isolates produced IAA, with the highest concentration (0.699 µg/ml) found in the isolate of F. solani (T11). Among the tested endophytes, only A. fumigatus (T15) significantly increased wheat root length (75% increase vs control, p<0.05). The extensive root system of T. ramosissima may be due to symbiosis with IAA-producing endophytic fungi, which enhance root development and water uptake in dry conditions. Additionally, these fungi can increase soil phosphorus levels, further promoting plant growth.